{"id":2991,"date":"2016-03-14T09:41:46","date_gmt":"2016-03-14T06:41:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/2016\/03\/14\/12\/"},"modified":"2016-03-14T09:41:46","modified_gmt":"2016-03-14T06:41:46","slug":"12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/blog\/2016\/03\/14\/12\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b12"},"content":{"rendered":"

             <\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0640\u0629)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Civil liability created by pollution damage of ships \u2013 fuel oil<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(comparative study)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                       \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                       \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/strong> \/\/<\/span><\/strong> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b , \u0636\u0631\u0631 , \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Abstract <\/span><\/strong>..<\/span><\/strong>   <\/span><\/strong>   <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

   The civil liability for pollution damage fuel oil for ships of the important issues that the researcher believes it is worthy of consideration, as dealing with an important issue of the protection of those affected by the contamination of fuel oil for ships, and with the development witnessed by the world in the light of the Industrial Revolution, modern, appeared there were some issues that were not known before, including the contamination of fuel oil for ships and civil liability arising therefrom, hence the importance of research, and in this study we addressed the privacy of civil liability for pollution damage fuel oil for ships and the pillars of that responsibility, we have discussed this subject in two sections, we dealt with in the first section the privacy of civic responsibility pollution damage arising from fuel oil for ships, and we dealt with in the second section pillars of civil liability for pollution damage, and then we review the most important findings and proposals that we have reached in this research<\/span><\/p>\n

key words<\/span><\/strong>:<\/span><\/strong>Civil liability<\/span><\/strong> , <\/span>pollution , damage<\/span><\/strong> ,<\/span> fuel oil<\/span><\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n

                      <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 ..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639, \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645, \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629, \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629, \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627:-<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \/\/<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f, \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \/\/<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631, \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \/\/ \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1-   <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633, \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645, \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

2-   <\/span><\/span>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645, \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646, \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

3-   <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646, \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627, \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001, \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

4-   <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629, \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

   <\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \/\/ \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

   \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0630\u0648 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629, \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635, \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623, \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627, \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b \/\/ \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a, \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629, \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a, \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644, \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a, \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \/\/ \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0629, \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c                 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b, \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \/\/ \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646<\/span><\/strong>..<\/span><\/p>\n

   \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646, \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629, \u0623\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629, \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646([97]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2– \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b..<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001, \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/9\/\u0623) \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u06291969, \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 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3– \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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   \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646, \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001, \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646, \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0640\u062c..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1-    <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 , \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

2-    <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623, \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0641\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629, \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627, \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647, \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (27) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2009, \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646, \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1- \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a, \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646, \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647, \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645, \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646, \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

2- \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b, \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b, <\/span><\/strong>\u0648\u0646\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647 (\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 (300) \u0637\u0646 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629, \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0631, \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646), \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0641\u064a <\/span><\/strong>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

3- \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627, \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/strong>\u0640<\/span><\/strong>\u0634 ..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span>– \u062f. \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645,<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a,<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629, 2005, \u063571.<\/span><\/p>\n

2<\/span>– \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b, \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629, 1970, \u063593. <\/span><\/p>\n

3<\/span>– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/4) <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a <\/span>\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001, \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a                                                          <\/span>www.environnement.gov<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

4<\/span>– \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1863\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (92-100)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1987\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

5-<\/span> \u062f.<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0628\u0643\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629, \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, 2002, \u0635130.<\/span><\/p>\n

6<\/span>– \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 :\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627, \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642125.<\/span><\/p>\n

7- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 :\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627, <\/span>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642125.<\/span><\/p>\n

8<\/span>– \u062f.<\/span> \u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0628\u0643\u064a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635130.<\/span><\/p>\n

9- \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629, \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646, 2012, \u063560.<\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/span>0<\/span><\/sup>– \u062f. \u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0628\u0643\u064a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 , \u0635148.<\/span><\/p>\n

11- (Chao Wu), liability and compensation for pollution and bunker spill, Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 7, Issues 1-2, June 2002, p122.                               <\/span><\/p>\n

12<\/span>– Griggs(Patrick), <\/span>Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 2004, p98,<\/span> published online,<\/span>www.lawteacher.net<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

13<\/span>– Griggs(Patrick), International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2013, p98.         14<\/span>– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (211) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1951\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

15- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2703\/ \u0623 \/3) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/span>6- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2702\/ 2\/ \u062f\/ 1) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/span>7- \u062f. \u0639\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f, \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, 2007, \u0635257.<\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/span>8- <\/span>\u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a<\/span>,<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/span>, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, <\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/span>, <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629, 2003, \u0635134.<\/span><\/p>\n

19- <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (32\/ \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 27 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n

20-<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (32\/ \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 27 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2009<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2<\/span>1<\/span><\/sup>– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (3\/1) <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u06292001.<\/span><\/p>\n

23- Bruce B. Weyhrauch , oil spill l<\/span>itigation: private lawsuits and limitations, Tulane Maritime law Journal, volume 7, No.1, 1992, p166.<\/span><\/p>\n

24- <\/span>Schoenbaum Thomas, Liability for Damages in Oil Spill Accidents: Evaluating the USA, and International Law Regimes in the Light of Deepwater Horizon, Journal of Environmental Law, Oxford University, Volume 24 Issue 3, 2012, p422.<\/span>                     <\/span><\/p>\n

25- Bruce B. Weyhrauch<\/span>, <\/span>op. cit, p178.<\/span><\/p>\n

26-Schoenbaum Thomas, <\/span>op. cit, p<\/span>429.<\/span>                                                               <\/span><\/p>\n

27-<\/span> Report of the National Petroleum Council July 1994, H. Leighton Steward, Chairman Committee on The Oil Pollution Act National Petroleum Council, p298,<\/span>Available on the Website,<\/span>www.ivsl.org<\/span><\/a>                                                                         <\/span><\/p>\n

28<\/span>– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2702\/ \u0623) <\/span> \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644. <\/span><\/p>\n

29- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (77\/3) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

30- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u063a, \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a, \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637, <\/span>2007, \u06357.<\/span><\/p>\n

31<\/span>–<\/span> D. Praban Dix, compensation for environmental damage caused by the o\u00efl spill, 2010, pp. 244, is available on the official website of the International Maritime Organization, <\/span>www.imo.org<\/span><\/a><\/span>                       <\/span><\/p>\n

3<\/span>2<\/span><\/sup>– \u062f. \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2003, \u063588.<\/span><\/p>\n

33- Ralston, pollution liability insurance: the application of economic theory, Journal of Risk and Insurance of America, Volume 46, No. 3, (Sep2009), p455.<\/span><\/p>\n

34- Harry J. Solberg, internal marine and transportation insurance and risk, Journal of the American Marine Insurance, Vol. 25, No. 3 (November 2011),p 77-78.<\/span><\/p>\n

35<\/span>– \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645, \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635129.<\/span><\/p>\n

36- <\/span>\u062f. \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/span>, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u063529.<\/span><\/p>\n

37- <\/span>Griggs (Patrick),<\/span> International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001,<\/span> op. cit, p244.<\/span><\/p>\n

38 <\/span>–<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2716 \/\u0628\/2)<\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644. <\/span><\/p>\n

39<\/span>– <\/span>Griggs (Patrick), Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, op. cit, p255.<\/span><\/p>\n

40- <\/span>\u062f. \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645,<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a,<\/span> \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635162.<\/span><\/p>\n

41- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2009, \u0635209.<\/span><\/p>\n

42- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (<\/span>1\/1) \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1969, <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a <\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                               <\/span>http:\/\/www.admiraltylawguide.com<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

43- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a,<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u06351.<\/span><\/p>\n

44- <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2\/1) \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 1992 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1969, <\/span>\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a        <\/span><\/p>\n

45- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u063527.                                                           <\/span><\/p>\n

45-<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a :\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u062f. \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1983, \u063560.<\/span><\/p>\n

55- Griggs(Patrick),<\/span> International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001,<\/span> op. cit, p77.                                                                               <\/span><\/p>\n

5<\/span>6- <\/span>\u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646)<\/span><\/p>\n

57- \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 <\/span>\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2010, \u063555, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a                                                                 <\/span>www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov<\/span><\/a><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

58<\/span>– <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/5)<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

59-<\/span> Griggs (Patrick),<\/span> International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001<\/span>, op. cit , p188.                                                                           <\/span><\/p>\n

60-<\/span>\u062f. \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a, <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 ,<\/span>2008, \u0635 17, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a <\/span>                               <\/span>www.aoad.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

61<\/span>–<\/span> D.J. Blatcher , compliance of the Royal Navy ships with emissions of nitrogen oxides, the journal Marine Pollution, Volume 40 Issue 22 in 2013, the University of London, United Kingdom, pp. 233.                                                                                 <\/span><\/p>\n

62- <\/span>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u063540.<\/span><\/p>\n

63- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (75\/5) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644. <\/span><\/p>\n

64- <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/8)<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

65- <\/span>\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/8) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/p>\n

(Incident; means any occurrence or series of occurrences having the same origin, which causes pollution damage or creates a grave and imminent threat of causing such damage)                                                                                                                           <\/span><\/p>\n

66- \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/8) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 (\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629: <\/span>\u0623\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631).<\/span><\/p>\n

67- \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/8) \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1969(\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b: \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b)<\/span><\/p>\n

68- \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646,<\/span>\u062f.<\/span>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u063560.<\/span><\/p>\n

69- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2701\/14) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

70- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (47) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

7<\/span>1<\/span>– \u062f.\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645,<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a,<\/span> \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u063566.<\/span><\/p>\n

72-<\/span> The official website of the Supreme Court of Canada, op. cit, p22.<\/span><\/p>\n

73- <\/span>\u062f. \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645,<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a,<\/span>\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u063567.<\/span><\/p>\n

74- \u062f. \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f, \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 1994, \u0635130. <\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/9) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001<\/span>.<\/span>75<\/span><\/p>\n

76-<\/span> Reed Smith, op. cit, p322.<\/span><\/p>\n

77- \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637, 2008, \u063555, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a <\/span><\/p>\n

   <\/span>http:\/\/www.iopcfunds.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

7<\/span>8- \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a, \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2000, \u063530.<\/span><\/p>\n

79<\/span>–<\/span> Griggs (Patrick),<\/span> International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001<\/span>, op. cit, p87.                                                                               <\/span><\/p>\n

80- D. Praban Dix, <\/span>op. cit, p144.<\/span><\/p>\n

81 <\/span>–<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2702\/2\/<\/span>\u062f<\/span>) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647..<\/span><\/p>\n

82- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2702\/2\/<\/span>\u0637<\/span>) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

83- \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629)<\/span>, \u063522, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637<\/span><\/p>\n

                               <\/span>https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/oregonfwo\/Contaminants\/Spills\/NewCarissa<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

88- <\/span>Julian hay, the efficiency of the article can be international compensation systems to prevent pollution? A discussion of the status of marine oil spills, 2009, p65, <\/span><\/p>\n

Available on the Website,<\/span>www.ivsl.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

89- <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/7) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

90- (Chao) Wu<\/span>,<\/span>op. cit, p87.<\/span><\/p>\n

91- Thomas, and the responsibility for the damage the oil spill in the article: Assessment of the United States of America and the systems of international law in the light of the Deepwater Horizon, Journal of Environmental Law, Oxford University, ISSN: 09528873: 2012, Volume 24, Issue 3, p324.                                     <\/span><\/p>\n

92- \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2701\/30) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 :(\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644)<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

93- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2702\/1) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u06291990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

94- <\/span>\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0627), \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u063522.<\/span><\/p>\n

95- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a, 1990, \u063555, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a,    <\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                       <\/span>www.iopcfunds.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

96- \u062f. \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645, \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a   \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635108.<\/span><\/p>\n

97- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (75\/6) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

98<\/span>– Volkmar J. Hartje, oil pollution caused by tanker, accidents liability versus regulation natural resources journal, Volume 34, Issue 7, 2002 , p526.<\/span><\/p>\n

99-<\/span> D. James Payne, William, Carissa new ship, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 133, Issue 27, 2011, p29.                                                                    <\/span><\/p>\n

100- \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2008, \u063563.<\/span><\/p>\n

101- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646, \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f ,\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 49, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 2, 1979, \u063574.<\/span><\/p>\n

102- <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (1\/8\/ \u0623)<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

103- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, <\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2000, \u0635123.<\/span><\/p>\n

104- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (3\/3\/ \u0623, \u0628, \u062c) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

105- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (3\/4) <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

106<\/span>– <\/span>Jean-Michel, La pollution de la mer M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e par les hydrocarbure li\u00e9e au trafic maritimes<\/span>, <\/span> Th\u00e8se Docteur de l\u2019universit\u00e9 de <\/span>Paris,<\/span>\u00e9cole doctorale; 2010, p213, Disponible sur le Site,<\/span>http:\/\/capitaineslongcours.online.fr\/JYB.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span>– <\/span><\/p>\n

107- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (211) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1951 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

108- \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645, \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a, \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631, \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644, \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, 1980, \u0635241.<\/span><\/p>\n

109- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635269. <\/span><\/p>\n

110- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (2701\/1) \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

111- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635271.<\/span><\/p>\n

112- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (3\/32\/\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

113-<\/span> Forster, civil liability of ship-owners for oil pollution, the journal of business law, Volume 23, Issue 9, 1973 , p27.<\/span><\/p>\n

114<\/span>–<\/span>Simon, the choice of law in U.S. courts in 2000, the American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 49, No. 23, in 2001,<\/span> p158.<\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/span>15<\/span><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (3\/4) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

116- \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a, \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642, \u0635280.<\/span><\/p>\n

117- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (3\/3\/\u0623) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

118<\/span>–<\/span> professeur Antoine Vialard, Il faut r\u00e9former le syst\u00e8me de compensation Pour les dommages de pollution par les hydrocarbures, <\/span>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de droit maritime, Avril 3, 2000, p95,<\/span>Disponible sur le Site, <\/span>www.afcan.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

119<\/span>–<\/span> Jean-Michel,<\/span> op. cit, p158.<\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span>–<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 (<\/span>ABS<\/span>) \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639, \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a, \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 <\/span>12000<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 <\/span>ABS)<\/span>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1862 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1760 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

120-<\/span> Judgment (3573\/sdny\/2007), United States District Court of the eastern district of Louisiana, center Justia Supreme Court of the United States, is available on the official website of the Supreme Court in the United States <\/span>https:\/\/supreme.justia.com<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

121-<\/span> Available on the official website of the U.S. Court of Appeals Second Circuit,         <\/span><\/p>\n

www.ca2.uscourts.gov<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 ..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623- \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628<\/span><\/strong>.. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628,<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2008.<\/span><\/p>\n

2-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f, \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 1994.<\/span><\/p>\n

3-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062f. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0631<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629, 2003.<\/span><\/p>\n

4-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629, \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646, 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n

5-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639, \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646, 1977.<\/span><\/p>\n

6-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645, \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a, \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631, \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644, \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, 1980.<\/span><\/p>\n

7-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a, \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2000.<\/span><\/p>\n

8-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0639\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f, \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f, 2007<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

9-        <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1983<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

10-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 2002.<\/span><\/p>\n

11-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, <\/span>\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2000.<\/span><\/p>\n

12-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u063a, \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a, \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 , <\/span>2007.<\/span><\/p>\n

13-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a ,\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b, \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629, 1970.<\/span><\/p>\n

14-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2002.<\/span><\/p>\n

15-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 2005.<\/span><\/p>\n

16-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062f. \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b, \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649, \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, 2003.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f12, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4\u060c 2003.<\/span><\/p>\n

2-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646, \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629, \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f ,\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f 43, 1979.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062c \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a.. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

   1-<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

   2- <\/span>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1969<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

   3- <\/span>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 1992 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1969.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646.. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

     1- <\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1990 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

     2- \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2001 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

     3- <\/span>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1863\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630.<\/span><\/p>\n

     4- <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (40) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1951 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

     5- \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 27 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n

     6- \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (21) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1995.<\/span><\/p>\n

7-     <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1987.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a, 1990, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a,                                                       <\/span>www.iopcfunds.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

2-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062f. \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a, <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 ,<\/span>2008, \u0635 17, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a   <\/span>www.aoad.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

3-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637, 2008, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a,<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/span>http:\/\/www.iopcfunds.org<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

4-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 (<\/span>New Carissa<\/span>), \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/oregonfwo\/Contaminants\/Spills\/NewCarissa<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

5-   <\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 <\/span>\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644, \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2010, \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/span>                                       <\/span>www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \/\/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064f- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1- <\/span>Bruce B. Weyhrauch , oil spill l<\/span>itigation: private lawsuits and limitations, Tulane Maritime law Journal, volume 7, No.1, 1992,<\/span><\/p>\n

2- D.J. Blatcher , compliance of the Royal Navy ships with emissions of nitrogen oxides, the journal Marine Pollution, Volume 40 Issue 22 in 2013, the University of London, United Kingdom.<\/span><\/p>\n

3- (Chao) Wu, liability and compensation for pollution and bunker spill, Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 7, Issues 1-2, June 2002.<\/span><\/p>\n

4- Forster, civil liability of ship-owners for oil pollution, the journal of business law, Volume 23, Issue 9, 1973 <\/span><\/p>\n

5-<\/span> Griggs(Patrick), International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2013.<\/span><\/p>\n

6- <\/span>Harry J. Solberg, internal marine and transportation insurance and risk, Journal of the American Marine Insurance, Vol. 25, No. 3 (November 2011).<\/span><\/p>\n

7- Reed Smith,” International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 2001, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, Vol. 55, No. 1, September, 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n

8- Ralston, pollution liability insurance: the application of economic theory, Journal of Risk and Insurance of America, Volume 46, No. 3 (Sep2009).<\/span><\/p>\n

9- Schoenbaum Thomas, Liability for Damages in Oil Spill Accidents: Evaluating the USA, and International Law Regimes in the Light of Deepwater Horizon, Journal of Environmental Law, Oxford University, Volume 24 Issue 3, 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n

10- Thomas, and the responsibility for the damage the oil spill in the article: Assessment of the United States of America and the systems of international law in the light of the Deepwater Horizon, Journal of Environmental Law, Oxford University, ISSN: 09528873, Volume 24, Issue 3, 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n

11- Volkmar J. Hartje, oil pollution caused by tanker, accidents liability versus regulation, natural resources journal, Volume 34, Issue 7, 2002 .<\/span><\/p>\n

12- Simon, the choice of law in U.S. courts in 2000, the American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 49, No. 23, in 2001.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629..<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1- professeur Antoine Vialard, Il faut r\u00e9former le syst\u00e8me de compensation Pour les dommages de pollution par les hydrocarbures, <\/span>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de droit maritime, Avril 3, 2000, p95,<\/span>Disponible sur le Site, <\/span>www.afcan.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

2-<\/span> Griggs(Patrick), <\/span>Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 2004, <\/span>published online,<\/span>www.lawteacher.net<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

3- <\/span>Julian hay, the efficiency of the article can be international compensation systems to prevent pollution? A discussion of the status of marine oil spills, 2009, <\/span>Available on the Website,<\/span>www.ivsl.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

4- Jean-Michel, La pollution de la mer M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e par les hydrocarbure li\u00e9e au trafic maritimes<\/span>, <\/span> Th\u00e8se Docteur de l\u2019universit\u00e9 de <\/span>Paris,<\/span>\u00e9cole doctorale; 2010, p213, Disponible sur le Site,<\/span>http:\/\/capitaineslongcours.online.fr\/JYB.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

5<\/span>–<\/span>D. Praban Dix, compensation for environmental damage caused by the oil spill, 2010, pp. 244, is available on the official website of the International Maritime Organization, <\/span>www.imo.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

6- Report of the National Petroleum Council July 1994, H. Leighton Steward, Chairman Committee on The Oil Pollution Act National Petroleum Council,<\/span>Available on the Website,<\/span>www.ivsl.org<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

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<\/a> <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

             \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646                                               (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0640\u0629) Civil liability created by pollution damage of ships \u2013 fuel oil (comparative study)                                                  \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644                                  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645                                        \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631                                        \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \/\/ \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629..    \u062a\u064c\u0639\u062f\u064c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-puplished-research"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2991","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2991"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2991\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/law.uokerbala.edu.iq\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}